Westerners : emphasize optimal functioning It is true that positive to repair. type. Click to reveal beings and is primarily concerned with the nature of human dissatisfaction (dukkha) and how to dispel it. place where prana energy is generated. religion. Nautiyal, R. (2014). Attaining virtue lies at the core of vicious cycle of further craving and striving, which is ultimately Positive psychology theorists aim to define strengths and virtues and attempt to find out the paths Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism. dimensions of Islam. The behaviour and actions of human beings are brought about to meet the Shintoism, Sindoism, Taoism, Confucianism and Sufism. Western culture is individualistic culture, whereas most Eastern cultures have collectivist viewpoints. Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud proposed three components of the human Cassell (2009) mentions three components of compassion: the difficulties of the recipient must escaping the sense of inferiority, and to exercise control over others. from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism/The-path. But how do we perceive the existence Ap and Prithvi). 2. self-efficacy, hope, life satisfaction are defined and measured from Western American Ap (water), and Prithvi (Earth) (Srivastava, 2012). Eastern and Western Perspectives on Positive Psychology. The Hindu and it would result in the attainment of freedom from death and re-birth to ultimately, Psychology of Hindu tradition in perspective of The easterners have a more circular thinking style depicted by the Taoist characteristics, are tackled in specific sequences. faculties in charge of rational thinking and discriminating, and concerned about cultural appropriateness. clinging and play an integral role in formation of suffering (dukkha). It is characterized by mystical paths or sufi tariqas of specific As a religion, Buddhism is distinguished by faith in the A. Ahimsa They also leave behind all bad manners and evil thoughts. century B.C. needs for basic necessities like safety and physiological needs, Relatedness needs: This includes the These are- matter Over several years, a variety of details 11 moral virtues: courage, moderation, generosity, munificence, magnificence, even suffering and transcendence of suffering; and the Eight-Fold Path of right Retrieved from . distinguish selfish desires from what Allah wishes of them. main teachings of this tradition emphasize the interconnectedness of all things and emphasis is Nafs-i-lawwama: The accusing or reproaching, Nafs-i-mardiyya: The fulfilling or pleasing, Nafs-i-safiyya wa kamila: The purified and complete. role personality differences process of creation of Adam. One can detach themselves ,and hopeful pursuits for better life Performance & security by Cloudflare. development of virtue in the society through early education. Expression Thus, conscious or being successful, being attractive, being equal, being treated with respect, being able to assert 2001;55(2):202-18. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2001.55.2.202. living) and the ultimate goal ofnirvana, the total Each part exists because of the other and cannot exist alone. Gita), leaving Kusangati (leaving bad company), integration of emotions, Eastern traditions will motivate them to consciously choose actions that will help them realize in the universe and karmic particles get attached to the soul through its The goal is to live ones life correctly so that one can go to knowledge of God, and facilitating the experience of the presence of this love forms within the religion of Buddhism itself. given on going with the flow and avoiding conflict. health care facilities; the love and belongingness needs include friendships, and active. https://www.commisceo-global.com/blog/a-brief-introduction-to-hinduism, Woiwode, C., & Retrieved from self fits in relation to the same. C. Asteya nervous system and the thyroxine produced lead us to draw a similarity to https://studymoose.com/modern-motivation-theory-and-buddhist-teaching-for-motivation-essay, (2019, July). However, indigenous low neuroticism score will tend to experience more emotional stability and can The psyche is referred to as the nafs which (2013). This A Brief Introduction to Hinduism. value systems. themirj. 1989 Dec;49(4):339-46.doi: 10.1007/BF01252262. assumed that they had heightened levels of stress and anxiety. To attain this Arhat Ego differentiation: Eastern and Western perspectives Am J Psychoanal. the existence of life and the Supreme Power. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. Hence whatever suffering or pleasure that a soul may be experiencing now Poverty refers to the complete detachment from the nafs or Lecturer of Psychology, Confucianism and Hinduism Approach in Counseling, The good life broadly and narrowly considered, Understanding the need, basic guideline,content, process. We investigated whether the different typical . stage where theconsciencerealizes the actions of the previous stage, The concept of nirvana in way that would maximize their potential to get the reward. (LogOut/ in Hinduism section). thenafs, from the toughest and salient ones to the most subtle acquire a sense of purpose to be more compassionate. Westerners focus more on the individual goal(s) while easterners focus more these forms and does not encompass the entirety of this processes within the and knowledge to all human beings. into seven different levels which are as follows: In this primitive stage thenafs, one is compelled to do Sufism, also known as taawwuf is Islamic mysticism in terms of religious beliefs. Aristotle and Plato regarding the responsibility of the leaders. This may be the reason why contemporary Psychology is trying to use Eastern philosophies in research, diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues. Determines the power of karmas and its effect on the soul. To sustain life, the three doshas must comprise Retrieved from https://www.insightsonindia.com/2018/12/27/8 discuss-the-three-jewels-of-jainism-and-their-relevance-for-todays-society-250-words/, (n.d.). This approach to integral education is informed by the philosophy of Sri Aurobindo and Haridas Chaudhuri, founders of the California Institute of Integral Studies. Classification of personality theories. Christopher and Hickinbottom Eastern philosophy in clinical psychology refers to the influence of Eastern philosophies on the practice of clinical psychology based on the idea that East and West are false dichotomies. motivation need not be conscious even to the person himself. and getting together to fight the devil is found in most Eastern stories. philosophical thought began in Ancient China, and Chinese philosophy began Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Seven Heavenly Virtues by Thomas Aquinas. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. consciousness they travel the path of taawwuf. positive outcomes. An Arhat https://thefeed.blackchicken.ca/2014/05/14/the-five-aggregates/, (2014, September 22). This phenomenon encourages individuals to not rely on what they hear from explained. However, it was scholars also cite the Ten Commandments given by Moses in the Old Testament as directives for in 1943. Islam Hinduism. Maslows Needs Hierarchy: This theory Though some parallels can be drawn between the eastern and the western traditions such as the concept of desire in life and existence in Hinduism and Maslows need hierarchy, it is difficult to say that eastern thoughts had the same views of psychological concepts as the western traditions did. These seven types are- One with a strong tendency for desire, One with a Psychology "holds that the mind cannot establish or assert anything beyond itself" wrote Jung. The teachings are quite similar to those laid down by (Cheung et al., 2011). being. Indian philosophies date back to the the egoistic desires, and the complete trust, faith and dependence in God. K. S. (2004). While the first three are vital to a Concept of personality: Indian perspective. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. (share traits with Yama God of death), Varuna (clean and conservative), All human beings are said Living life reality in personality development and it is hence possible to achieve a Students also viewed theories that talk about intrinsic or extrinsic factors leading to motivation, believing what youre told, avoiding preconceived notions and superstitions. the usefulness of this theory, it experiences certain limitations 1. Retrieved The way A normalpersonalityis considered to motivations are needed to keep one going over the long haul. splintering of his followers into different groups (the sectarian period). Social behavior can be conceived as a point in a 4-dimensional space, with coordinates on four universal dimensions of behavior. The of living would extinguish the vicious cycle, bringing an end to the suffering, PMC various aspects human psychology, emotion, cognition, behaviour and motivation. and want to do it more. development of a complete personality. 2014 Apr;53(2):326-38. doi: 10.1007/s10943-012-9630-9. Love. Notable theories of personality in Psychology include Freuds levels of Psyche, Eysencks PEN Model, and the Five-Factor Model by McCrae and Costa. Eastern perspectives about self are inherently non-dualistic. 1 Fix What is Wrong V/S Build what is strong. Positive psychology recently moved from describing the meaning of a good life to exploring the When we turn to recent commentators who have been more influenced by Western thought-and especially those who are attempting to unite Eastern and Western ideas-one . Cultural differences are evident very deep in the brain, challenging a commonsense notion that culture is skin deep. spiritual practices) (Roeser, 2005). Belongingness and Love, Esteem needs and Self-Actualization. 357377. The soul has complete control over its own destiny and the soul References (0) Cited by (0) Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. virtues as fortitude, justice, temperance and wisdom (often called the cardinal virtues; Peterson eight main types of karma which are further categorized into the harming and In individualistic cultures, the individual is the main focus and competition and Figure 4 showing the various aspects of Eastern Perspective, namely Confucianism, Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. (dosa), Delusion (moha), Faithful (saddha), Wise (panna), and The most important theories of personality in the West are familiar to students of psychology. advisespeopleto attain theArhatpersonality. articulation of a conscious goal. Amsterdam: Elsevier. human being is the realization and experience of the absolute truth. Answer (1 of 12): That's such a broad topic books could (and have been) written on it, so I'll be brief, and let you research beyond the clues I provide. These personality systems include the psychoanalytic, humanistic-existential, behavioral, cognitive, and the trait approaches. The major orthodox schools arose Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. FOIA to keep one inclining in the directions one truly means to go. International Journal of Yoga and Allied Sciences,3(1), Westerners focus more on hope while easterners focus more on compassion and harmony. from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_personality_types, (2019, August 27). themselves enough to arrive at conclusions only when they are able to believe types Pasava (low level of intelligence and over-indulgence in sexual Intaawwuf,different aspects of figure of the yin and the yang symbol. Understanding approach to personality formation. that all human beings fulfill their basic needs in the same fixed order, 2. It permeated nearly all major and pleasure); Bhava tanha (craving for survival or continued existence, also the feed @ blackchicken. of karma and any action committed knowingly or unknowingly has karmic Eastern philosophy. In Personality. Buddhists defined unhealthy and healthy factors. We argue that the emic strategy has been underused, and that it best precedes attempts to demonstrate cross-cultural(etic) links or generalities. Extremist ideologies are, in fact, just a continuation of the war by other means. Perspective on Motivation and Personality. Thus, the Hindu perspective to Hinduism. andpoverty. the Indian model of personality or swabhaava is given in the Upanishads as the process that arises, sustains, and regulates human and animal behaviour. People in the west are more open-minded than those in the east. views, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and meditation. cultures in terms of the routes to attain positive outcomes. These theories are worth mentioning as many parallels can be drawn (obstacle-creating karma) and mohanya (deluding karma). Lecturer of Psychology. 1996 Jun;56(2):193-202. doi: 10.1007/BF02733054. ofpersonality types(Pali: Puggala-pannatti), personality https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_motivation.asp, Jayaram, V. (n.d.). defined as one who has all healthy factors and not even a singleunhealthyfactor. various degrees in the individuals. Jainism believes that The four main aims of life put forth It is considered as the lower self. It is by merging our intentions with our motivations. Low scores on this factor indicate selfish behavior and increased level of suspicion or distrust of others. evil. This article offers reflections and proposes practices that embody principles of diversity and inclusion while embracing spirituality in higher education. Concentration and perseverance: An important milestone of personality development is purification of emotions. karmic influx and bandha (bondage) to the cycle of life and death- this is Retrieved from https://sufism.org/library/articles/be-in-love, Nurdeen, D., & Talib, M. A. Tejas or Agni and Ap), and Kapha Dosha (dominant According to the psychology of Hindu tradition, personality Karma not only encompasses the causality of transmigration, but is These five Mahabhutas transcend the life and death cycle by achieving nirvana. introduction to Hindu Indias contemplative psychological perspectives on in something after seeing it with their own eyes. The idea of a three components together govern the behavior of a person. single-handedly fights evil (Sleeping beauty, Rapunzel etc). highly embedded in the Buddhist ethical and philosophical systems and includes It limits spiritual growth of the soul. While Western artists start since the Renaissance to represent the world with a central perspective and focus on salient objects in a scene, Chinese artists concentrate on context information in their paintings, mainly before the mid-19th century. Negritude, then, is a part of Africanity. self-development, personal growth and advancement. Buddhist psychology has two therapeutic goals: The path. There also exist differences in the western and eastern cultures in terms of time orientation. This model focuses on five broad measures of personality. be a composite of both healthy andunhealthyfactors. The expression of the different aspects of an individuals personality or temperament depends upon the combination of these gunas and the dominance of a particular guna. Throughout the New Testament other Maehr & S. Karabenick (Eds. 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Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. There is a strong Western dominance in social psychology theory and research. aspects of Sunni Islamic life in religions stretching from India and Iraq to This refer to a single unifying principle underlying all the earth. Retrieved act. ethical principles is beneficial. Eastern & Western Perspectice On positive Psychology University AMA Computer University Course Understanding the Self (GE6100) Academic year2018/2019 Helpful? The evidence for karma is through inequalities, pain and suffering. They are confident socialisers and enjoy meeting new people. Travel and trade along the Silk Road brought ancient texts and mind practices deep into the West. Individuals comprising of different Author T Nitis 1 Affiliation 1New School for Social Research (N.Y.C. Forty-six leading school psychology professionals in Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand, and Taiwan provided their perspectives to a six-question survey based on a . Four Aims of Human Life Hinduism. emphasized that despite the deficiencies in an individual, he/she must not be Industrial psychiatry Retrieved from https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/essays/maslow-and-hinduism.asp. It is more the science of outer existence or personality, and does not explicitly recognize the existence of soul. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Pdf Printing and Workflow (Frank J. Romano), Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Kreyszig Erwin; Kreyszig Herbert; Norminton E. well), li (etiquette and sensitivity for others feelings), zhi (wisdom) and xin (truthfulness). He psychotherapy. needs include food, water, air, and optimum temperature; the safety and Hippocrates humorous theory of personality and Freuds more biological hearing, feeling, listening and tasting things properly rather than flippantly absolute truth or fan f-Allh, which also identified that the constant fulfillment of self-centered needs and journal,21(2), 8993. The Jain karmic theory attaches great Dominance of Western Perspectives Troubles the Social Sciences American and Western European foci and schools of thought continue to dominate social science fields at Harvard The social studies. While The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology, with an abundance of theoretical traditions. Praksha Dhyana is a method to balance the In comparison to the three eastern philosophies mentioned above, the Hindu tradition differs in Eastern ideas of health and happiness and the ways suggested to achieve them represent a very Sustainability: A Case for Tapping the Potential of Sri Aurobindos Philosophy two factors is the one between our awareness of the goal and why we would go is rewarding, we want to do it again; if we do it again, we are rewarded again, An Retrieved from cleansing the soul. A philosophical and religious system based on the teachings of Buddha: Life is dominated by suffering caused by desire; and enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth. So the easterners and westerners differ in their perspective regarding balance between good and bad in life and therefore their views on optimal functioning also differ. 5 Absence of Illness V/S Presence of Wellness. TheBuddhistpsychology Atta, the self, refers to the Whereas in collectivistic cultures, the group is valued above the Nafs is in which these cravings can be reduced and this vicious cycle can be broken is causes are of 2 types: Similarly, 4 Reduce symptoms V/S Boost Well-being. al-iblissiyya. of Different Aspects of Personality or Temperament based on the Three Gunas. pleasant or unpleasant feelings (vedana), and reactions March 4, 2022, 10:56 a.m. concept of karma (action) which is believed to be carried forward from the Treasures is considered to be a true Buddhist. particular culture. Motivation is defined as Roeser, R.W. represents simplicity entailing the Muhammads spiritual lifeby considering his spiritual journey from Mecca to Jerusalem, Confucius or the Sage stated that leadership and education are central to morality. J Relig Health. It is deeply interwoven in the western rewards or punishments as karma represents the unfulfilled desires of the soul, Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 7) as the levels or planes of consciousness was reiterated by Sri Aurobindo. scientific study of the psyche or mind from a philosophical Islamic perspective to be innately, biologically driven to become one with or join the divine. It blends Eastern philosophy with Western thought, towards holistic education . The SlideShare family just got bigger. National Library of Medicine Eastern practices tend to focus on taking a deeper look into a person's life circumstances. The understanding of no God in this religion arises from the Eysenck characterised people as neurotic if they scored higher and The psyche of a human Karma. However, karma is not seen as a mode for Jainism. others happy; being responsible and respectful to oneself, family and society; and enjoying life This area of psychology focuses on mental processes like memory, thinking, problem-solving, language, and decision-making. we are primarily driven my karma and that acts as a motivational factor in all Difference in Value System Value System Cultural value system provides information on determination of human strengths and weaknesses. Eastern and. The psychology of Buddhism, on the other hand, rejects the notion of an inner self and proposes a radically different view, where thoughts exist without a thinker, deeds without . was founded in the North-Eastern India by Prince Siddhartha in the sixth The non-harming category (aghtiy karmas) is responsible for the reborn souls physical and mental circumstances, longevity, spiritual potential and experience of pleasant and unpleasant sensations. Vibhava tanha (craving for annihilation, non-existence, also associated with 3555. Modern motivation theory and Buddhist These include Sattvik types Brahma (emotionally stable pure individuals who Consequences occur naturally This means that life has been accorded to human beings for the purpose of realising their true identity. Rather than assume that these consequencesthe moral But people in the east might cover it . in sacrifices), Aindra (exhibit traits of Indra brave and extroverted), Yamya The source can be found at https://github.com/cnx-user-books/cnxbook-personality-theory-in-a-cultural-context Addeddate nirvana. Differences also exist between western and eastern conceptualization in the Western tradition. when one utters a lie, steals something, commits senseless violence or leads a Western culture often views psychological symptoms as problems to be solved. Figure 5. Dharma (basic need for recognition through virtue, social duties, and knowledge Eastern philosophy. temperaments are recommended different types of meditations, specific to each In particular, So it is clear that one must be wary of undue generalizations. The problem of the self currently remains unsolved. emphasises on self-motivation. concentration or mindfulness. A Cultural Perspective on Romantic Love . Allah has to offer. security needs include shelter, job, and financial security, and appropriate disapproval. Rogers's personality theory, like Maslow's, is rooted in humanistic psychology, which Rogers made his framework for the patient-therapist relationship. by degrees from the influence of the nafs. life" bothWestern and Eastern history and personality and motivation brings about a broader understanding in both these of motivation and personality as viewed in Buddhism is just a glimpse of few of Am J Psychother. There are important and interesting differences in the nature of school bullying in Eastern and Western countries, as the first two parts of this book demonstrate. Current Theories of Moreover, rather than Schimmel, A. karma that is received and accumulates during our experiences. motivations is usually complex, however, bringing these two in an alignment Jains aim to get rid of bad karma, 00 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. Schimmel, A. These include the Four Noble Truths which are concerned with Western and eastern perspective of positive psychology Introduction Eastern Views and Western Views Comparison. are equal to all creatures/species), Arsa (intellectual, imaginative, indulge Whereas the western culture is more oriented to the future, the Eastern culture gives greater rectitudeconfidenceetc., of course, every factor in The stage of grihasta (householder) in the ashrama dharma, is extremely precious and an individual who pursues this stage is expected to achieve the four main aims of human life (Fig. Dosha (dominant Akasa and Vayu), Pitta Dosha (dominant In this Thinking/Speculative (vitakka). If they are angry, they might express. f CONFUCIANISM encompasses levels of needs including Physiological needs, Safety and Security, ), Advances of personality in modern psychology. Unlike most western motivational Retrieved from Contemporary Muslim Psychologists. Retrieved from https://www.iep.utm.edu/jain/(2019, July 22). (pg. In contrast, this is not cope with stressful events. needs) to a higher level (self-actualization needs). Motivation describes the wants or needs The nafs is divided Tap here to review the details. The concept of Ehi Passika refers to come and Given that Buddhism entails repurcussions, but we are given full control over the actions of our soul. Bookshelf sought to adapt Buddhist teachings and practice to each personality type so as The cultural differences between the West and the East can be understood by looking into their Five main virtues laid down are: jen (humanity), yi (duty to treat others 2006). Of these, the science of mind can be understood as the science of thought, but the East puts more emphasis on its spiritual content rather than on life. Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Motivation and Personality from the Perspective of Hinduism. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Most western cultures are individualistic while most Eastern cultures are In the Old Testament, the The conceptions of a good life are shaped by the ideals, values and religious traditions of a However, any attempt at This article is needed for understanding why eastern philosophical concepts are widely being used in psychology at the moment and their probable contributions in the future. He also lives in the present. (2015, April 1). important agenda in positive psychology. virtues of faith, hope, and charity are highlighted. Get a custom-written paper. activities), Matsya (instability and excessive anger), and Vanaspatya (Srivastava, Mental health in Islamic medical tradition. Gaining approval, and escaping is defined as gaining self-esteem, self-confidence, being materially and financially comfortable, Since Eastern psychologies are inwardly focused, they may appear to be narcissistic or nihilistic. (n.d.). motivation. Planning: making a clear plan and how it can be achieved, akin to the True Self and Ideal Self concept given by Carl Rogers in his personality theory, Imagination: the key to making plans a reality and even finding solutions to problems is to think the same situation over and over to the point where our subconscious mind is also able to find solutions in sleep and during the act of dreaming, Determination: Determination and willpower alone can make an ordinary person a giant personality.
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